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1 developed ore
• руда, подсеченная выработками -
2 developed ore
1) Геология: действительный запас, подготовленная руда, руда, подсечённая выработками2) Горное дело: достоверные рудные запасы, подготовленные рудные запасы3) Нефть: разведанные запасы4) Макаров: вскрытая руда, подготовленные запасы рудного месторождения, подсечённая выработками руда5) Золотодобыча: подготовленные запасы -
3 developed ore
< min> ■ vorgerichtetes Erz n -
4 developed ore
подготовленная руда.English-Russian dictionary of terms for geological exploration drilling > developed ore
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5 developed ore
Англо-русский словарь нефтегазовой промышленности > developed ore
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6 developed ore
• подготвена руда• действителен запас от руда -
7 developed ore
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8 developed ore
подготовленные рудные запасы, достоверные рудные запасы -
9 ore
1. руда 2. рудный минерал
ores as fillings жильные руды
ores as intense replacements метасоматические руды
ore in place рудный массив
ore in sight достоверные запасы руды
ore of igneous origin руда магматического происхождения
acicular iron ore игольчатая железная руда
aggregated ore массивная сульфидная руда (в которой сульфиды составляют 20% и больше от общего объёма)
alveolar ore ячеистая руда
antimony ore сурьмяная руда
assured ore достоверные запасы руды
band(ed) ore полосчатая руда
base ore бедная руда
beach ore пляжевая [прибрежная] россыпь; пляжевый концентрат
bean ore бобовая (железная) руда, пизолитовый железняк
Bessemer ore бессемеровская (железная) руда
bird's-eye ore пятнистая руда, руда с «птичьим глазом»
bismuth ore висмутовая руда
black ore частично разложившийся медьсодержащий пирит
black-band ore разновидность глинистого железняка
black iron ore магнетит
black lead ore чёрная разновидность церуссита
blistered copper ore почкообразная разновидность халькопирита
block ore блоковая руда
blocked-out ore подготовленная к выемке руда
blue copper ore азурит, синий малахит (см. тж. azurite)
blue lead ore уст. синевато-серая разновидность галенита
bog ore болотная руда
bog iron ore болотная железная руда, лимонит
bonanza ore бонанцовая руда
botryoidal iron ore гроздевидная железная руда
brass ore 1. см. aurichalcite 2. pl. комплексные сфалерит-халькопиритовые руды
brittle silver ore хрупкая серебряная руда, стефанит (см. тж. stephanite)
brown iron ore лимонит; бурый железняк
brown manganese ore манганит, бурая руда марганца
brush ore железная руда сталактитового строения
calcareous iron — железная руда, содержащая карбонат кальция
canary ore жёлтая землистая серебросодержащая свинцовая руда (состоящая из пироморфита, биндгеймита и массикота)
carbonate ore руда, содержащая значительное количество карбонатной группы chrome
iron ore хромит (см. тж. chromite)
Clinton ore руда клинтонского типа (красная железная руда, содержащая органические ископаемые остатки; приуроченная к формации Клинтон)
cobalt ore кобальтовая руда
cocarde [cockade] ore кокардовая [кольчатая] руда
cogwheel ore свинцовая блёклая руда
compact iron ore сплошная железная руда
complex ore 1. полиметаллическая руда 2. сложная труднообогатимая руда
coon-tail ore руда «енотовый хвост»
copper ore медная руда
copper pitch ore хризоколла (см. тж. chrysocolla)
coral ore разновидность киновари (содержащая примесь фосфатов, глины и органических веществ)
crop ore обогащенная оловянная руда высшего качества
crude ore необогащённая руда
crust ore корковая руда
crystalline iron ore кристаллическая железная руда; железная руда,образованная в результате перекристаллизации
cube ore фармакосидерит, Fe3(As04)2
developed ore подсечённая выработками руда; подготовленные запасы рудного месторождения
developing ore частично подготовленная для выемки руда; подготавливаемые запасы рудного месторождения
disseminated ore вкрапленная руда
drag ore рудная брекчия, брекчированная руда
dredgy ore порода, пронизанная тонкими рудными прожилками
dressed ore обогащенная руда
dry ore 1. серебряная руда с малым содержанием свинца 2. сухая руда
dry-bone ore 1. галмей (землистая пористая разновидность смитсонита) 2. каламин
dust ore выветрелая руда
earthy iron ore пористая (землистая) железная руда
earthy lead ore землистая разновидность церус сита
earthy red iron ore красная охра
efflorescent ore выветрелая руда; руда с выцветами на обнажённой поверхности или по плоскостям отдельности
expected ore ожидаемая [предполагаемая] руда
extension ore 1. продолжение рудного тела (зоны оруденения) 2. возможные (неразведанные) запасы руды
fahl ore блёклая медная руда
fausted ore рудные высевки, отвал малопроцентной руды
feather ore волокнистый джемсонит, перистая руда
fibrous iron ore железная руда с волокнистой текстурой
fine ore рудная мелочь, мелкозернистая руда
fine iron ore порошкообразная железная руда
flag ore слоистый гематит, богатый кремнезёмом; плитняковая руда
flaxseed ore оолитовая руда; оолитовая железная РУДа
float ore 1. валунная руда 2. отторженные от коренных выходов обломки жильного материала
fluxing ore флюксующаяся руда
fossil ore руда, содержащая обломки остатков ископаемых организмов; руда с окаменелостями
free-milling ore легко обрабатываемая при обогащении руда
friable iron ore выветрелая землистая железная руда
future ore геологические предпосылки открытия рудной залежи; прогноз оруденения
galenical iron ore железная руда с содержанием сернистого свинца
geological ore см. possible ore
gold ore золотая руда, золотосодержащий кварц
gray manganese ore 1. манганит (см. тж. manganite) 2. пиролюзит (см. тж. pyrolusite)
green lead ore пироморфит (см. тж. pyromorphite)
halo ore краевая руда (руда ореола или внешней части зоны минерализации)
hard ore твёрдая руда
hard cobalt ore скуттерудит (мышьяково-кобальтовый колчедан; см. тж. skutterudite)
hematite iron ore кровавик, красная железная руда, гематит
hidden ore скрытая руда
high-grade ore высокосортная руда
horseflesh ore борнит (см. тж. bornite)
horsetail ore рудное тело, заключающее серию мелких жил, ответвляющихся от главной жилы
hortonolite-dunite ore гортонолито-дунитовая руда
impregnation ore импрегнированная руда
indicated ore подсчитанные запасы руды
inferred ore прогнозные запасы руды
iron ore железная руда, железняк
kidney ore почковидная руда, «стеклянная голова» (разновидность гематита)
knock-back ore руда, смешанная с баритом
lacustrine iron ore озёрный бурый железняк
lake ore озёрная руда, вад, бурый железняк; лимонит, отложившийся на дне озера
lean ore бедная руда
light red silver ore прустит, светло-красная серебряная руда
liver ore куприт, красная медная руда (разновидность киновари)
lode ore рудная жила
low-grade ore низкосортная руда
lump ore кусковая руда
magnetic iron ore магнетит; магнитный железняк, магнитная железная руда
manganese ore марганцевая руда
marsh ore болотная руда
meadow ore луговая руда
mercuric horn ore ртутная роговая руда, каломель, природная хлористая ртуть
micaceous iron ore железная слюдка (разновидность гематита)
milling ore руда, требующая обогащения; второсортная руда
minette ore оолитовая железная руда, оолитовый лимонит
mock ore сфалерит, цинковая обманка (см. тж. sphalerite)
morass ore см. bog iron ore
mottled ore грубопятнистая руда
needle ore игольчатая руда (см. тж. aikinite l.)
needle iron ore игольчатый железняк, игольчатый гетит
needle tin ore игольчатый касситерит
nodular ore почковидная [конкреционная] руда
nodular iron ore почковидная [конкреционная] железная руда
octahedral copper ore куприт (см. тж. cuprite)
octahedral iron ore магнетит (см. тж. magnetite)
olive ore оливенит, мышьяково-медная руда (см. тж. olivenite)
oolitic iron ore оолитовая железная руда, оолитовый лимонит
oxidized ore окисленная руда
paramagnetic ore парамагнитная руда (руда, содержащая парамагнитные минералы)
pay ore промышленная [коммерческая] руда
peachblossom ore эритрит (см. тж. erithrite)
peacock (copper) ore пёстрая [«павлинья»] медная руда
pea (iron) ore гороховая руда (пизолитовый лимонит; разновидность бобовой руды)
pencil ore грифельная руда
phosphatic iron ore железная руда, содержащая фосфор
picked ore вкрапленная руда
pipe ore железная руда в виде вертикальных столбов в глине
pisolitic iron ore бобовая (железная) руда, пизолитовый железняк
pitch ore 1. урановая смолка 2. смоляная медная руда
pitchy iron ore питтицит (водный арсенат и сульфат железа непостоянного состава)
plumbum ore свинцовая руда
plush-copper ore халькотрихит (волосовидный куприт)
porphyry ore порфировая (вкрапленная) руда
positive ore достоверные (подсчитанные) запасы руды
possible ore возможные (неразведанные) запасы руды
potential ore потенциальные запасы руды
powder ore порошковая руда
powdery iron ore порошкообразная железная руда
primary ore первичная руда
probable ore 1. предполагаемые запасы руд 2. прогнозные руды, прогнозные запасы
prospective ore перспективные запасы руды
proved ore установленные запасы руды
purple ore пурпуровая руда
purple copper ore борнит (см. тж. bornite)
radium ore радиевая руда
rattlesnake ore пятнистая руда, состоящая из карнотита и ваноксита (руда типа "гремучей змеи")
raw ore необогащённая руда; сырая руда
rebellious ore 1. упорное золото; золото в рубашке 2. трудно поддающаяся обработке руда
red ore красная руда (гематит и метахьюэттит)
red copper ore красная медная руда, куприт (см. тж. cuprite)
red iron ore красный железняк, железный блеск, гематит, α-Fе2О3
red lead ore крокоит, PbCrO4
red manganese ore красная марганцевая руда (родонит, родохрозит и примеси)
red silver ore красная серебряная руда (прустит, пираргирит)
red zinc ore цинкит, (Zn, Mn)0
refractory ore руда, извлечение металла из которой требует больших затрат
refuse ore отвал, моечные отходы руд, остатки после обогащения руд
replacement ore руда замещения
rich ore 1. руда с высоким содержанием металла 2. обогащенная руда
ring ore кокардовая [кольчатая] руда
rock ore руда на месте залегания
shining ore железные блеск, гематит, красный железняк, α-Fе2О3
shipping ore первоклассная руда, пригодная для выхода на рынок без предварительного обогащения
silver lead ore серебросодержащий галенит
slaggy brown iron ore шлаковидный бурый железняк
small ore порошкообразная [размельчённая] руда
small iron ore порошкообразная железная руда
soft iron ore мягкая железная руда
solid ore руда на месте залегания или в жиле; крепкая нетронутая руда
sparry iron ore сидерит
specimen ore особенно богатое или хорошо раскристаллизованное рудное тело
specular iron ore железный блеск, красный железняк, гематит, спекулярит
sphere ore кокардовая [кольчатая] руда
steel ore железная руда, пригодная для производства стали
sulfide ore сульфидная руда
sulfur ore серная руда; самородная сера; пирит
swamp ore болотная железная руда, лимонит
tile ore черепитчатая руда (разновидность куприта)
tin ore касситерит, оловянный камень (см. тж. cassiterit)
titanic iron ore ильменит, титанистый железняк (см. тж. ilmenite)
titaniferous iron ore железная руда с содержанием титана, титанистая железная руда
turkey-fat ore оранжевая разновидность смитсонита, «индюшачья» руда (США)
unmagnetic ore немагнитная руда
uranium ores урановые руды (пригодные для разработки)
vanadium ores ванадиевые руды
velvet copper ore леттсомит, цианотрихит, бархатная медная руда (см. тж. cyanotrichite)
visible ore руда, которую можно наблюдать в естественном или искусственном разрезе
water-bearing iron ore водонасыщенная железная РУДа
wheel ore бурнонит (кристаллы-двойники, образующие концентрические рисунки; см. тж. bour-nonite)
white iron ore сидерит, железный шпат, шпатовый железняк (см. тж. siderite)
white lead ore церуссит, белая свинцовая руда, углекислый свинец (см. тж. cerussite)
white silver — серебросодержащий тетраэдрит
wood iron ore деревянистый железняк
yellow ore жёлтая руда (карнотит и халькопирит)
yellow copper ore см. chalcopyrite
yellow lead ore см. wulfenite
zinc ore см. zincite
* * *• рудно -
10 ore
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- acinose ore
- additional ore
- amenable ore
- antimony ore
- argentiferous ore
- arsenical ore
- arsenical cobalt ore
- arsenical gold ore
- assured ore
- atomic ore
- auriferous ore
- band ore
- banded ore
- barium ore
- base ore
- battery ore
- bing ore
- bismuth ore
- black iron ore
- blast-furnace ore
- blocked-out ore
- bog ore
- bog iron ore
- bone ore
- brittle silver ore
- broken ore
- brown clay iron ore
- bucket ore
- calcined ore
- chrome ore
- chrome iron ore
- churn-drill ore
- clean ore
- clinton ore
- coarse ore
- cobalt ore
- commercial ore
- complex ore
- concentrating ore
- converter ore
- crude ore
- deaf ore
- developed ore
- development ore
- direct-shipping ore
- direct-smelting ore
- disseminated ore
- drag ore
- dredgy ore
- dry ore
- easily-crushed ore
- fausted ore
- fine ore
- first-class ore
- flaxseed ore
- fracture ore
- freed ore
- free-milling ore
- gougy ore
- hard ore
- high-grade ore
- high-oxide ore
- inferred ore
- lean ore
- live ore
- liver ore
- lode ore
- looking-glass ore
- low-grade ore
- lump ore
- magnetic ore
- marsh ore
- medium ore
- merchantable ore
- metallic ore
- mill ore
- milling ore
- moly ore
- norite ore
- outline an ore
- pay ore
- payable ore
- pea-cock ore
- poor ore
- positive ore
- possible ore
- powdered ore
- probable ore
- produced ore
- production ore
- pyritic ore
- quicksettling ore
- rebellious ore
- refractory ore
- refuse ore
- residual ore
- running ore
- run-of-mine ore
- run-of quarry ore
- salable ore
- screened ore
- shining ore
- shipping ore
- sized ore
- slably ore
- soluble ore
- specular iron ore
- stanniferous ore
- sticky ore
- stored ore
- sulphide ore
- suiphur ore
- swamp ore
- tendency-to-stick ore
- tin ore
- turkey-fat ore
- unoxidized ores
- unpay ore
- unpayable ore
- valuable ore
- visible ore
- wash ore
- weathered iron ore
- withdrawn ore
- yellow copper ore -
11 ammonia developed diazotype process
English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > ammonia developed diazotype process
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12 liquid developed diazotype process
English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > liquid developed diazotype process
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13 volume of ore developed per unit of productive development
Горное дело: объём руды, подготавливаемый каждой единицей объёма подготовительных выработок по рудному телуУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > volume of ore developed per unit of productive development
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14 reserve of developed gold-ore deposits
English-Russian mining dictionary > reserve of developed gold-ore deposits
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15 volume of ore developed per unit of productive development
объем руды, подготавливаемый каждой единицей, объема подготовительных выработок по рудному телуEnglish-Russian mining dictionary > volume of ore developed per unit of productive development
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16 Edison, Thomas Alva
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building, Automotive engineering, Electricity, Electronics and information technology, Metallurgy, Photography, film and optics, Public utilities, Recording, Telecommunications[br]b. 11 February 1847 Milan, Ohio, USAd. 18 October 1931 Glenmont[br]American inventor and pioneer electrical developer.[br]He was the son of Samuel Edison, who was in the timber business. His schooling was delayed due to scarlet fever until 1855, when he was 8½ years old, but he was an avid reader. By the age of 14 he had a job as a newsboy on the railway from Port Huron to Detroit, a distance of sixty-three miles (101 km). He worked a fourteen-hour day with a stopover of five hours, which he spent in the Detroit Free Library. He also sold sweets on the train and, later, fruit and vegetables, and was soon making a profit of $20 a week. He then started two stores in Port Huron and used a spare freight car as a laboratory. He added a hand-printing press to produce 400 copies weekly of The Grand Trunk Herald, most of which he compiled and edited himself. He set himself to learn telegraphy from the station agent at Mount Clements, whose son he had saved from being run over by a freight car.At the age of 16 he became a telegraphist at Port Huron. In 1863 he became railway telegraphist at the busy Stratford Junction of the Grand Trunk Railroad, arranging a clock with a notched wheel to give the hourly signal which was to prove that he was awake and at his post! He left hurriedly after failing to hold a train which was nearly involved in a head-on collision. He usually worked the night shift, allowing himself time for experiments during the day. His first invention was an arrangement of two Morse registers so that a high-speed input could be decoded at a slower speed. Moving from place to place he held many positions as a telegraphist. In Boston he invented an automatic vote recorder for Congress and patented it, but the idea was rejected. This was the first of a total of 1180 patents that he was to take out during his lifetime. After six years he resigned from the Western Union Company to devote all his time to invention, his next idea being an improved ticker-tape machine for stockbrokers. He developed a duplex telegraphy system, but this was turned down by the Western Union Company. He then moved to New York.Edison found accommodation in the battery room of Law's Gold Reporting Company, sleeping in the cellar, and there his repair of a broken transmitter marked him as someone of special talents. His superior soon resigned, and he was promoted with a salary of $300 a month. Western Union paid him $40,000 for the sole rights on future improvements on the duplex telegraph, and he moved to Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, where he employed a gathering of specialist engineers. Within a year, he married one of his employees, Mary Stilwell, when she was only 16: a daughter, Marion, was born in 1872, and two sons, Thomas and William, in 1876 and 1879, respectively.He continued to work on the automatic telegraph, a device to send out messages faster than they could be tapped out by hand: that is, over fifty words per minute or so. An earlier machine by Alexander Bain worked at up to 400 words per minute, but was not good over long distances. Edison agreed to work on improving this feature of Bain's machine for the Automatic Telegraph Company (ATC) for $40,000. He improved it to a working speed of 500 words per minute and ran a test between Washington and New York. Hoping to sell their equipment to the Post Office in Britain, ATC sent Edison to England in 1873 to negotiate. A 500-word message was to be sent from Liverpool to London every half-hour for six hours, followed by tests on 2,200 miles (3,540 km) of cable at Greenwich. Only confused results were obtained due to induction in the cable, which lay coiled in a water tank. Edison returned to New York, where he worked on his quadruplex telegraph system, tests of which proved a success between New York and Albany in December 1874. Unfortunately, simultaneous negotiation with Western Union and ATC resulted in a lawsuit.Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for a telephone in March 1876 while Edison was still working on the same idea. His improvements allowed the device to operate over a distance of hundreds of miles instead of only a few miles. Tests were carried out over the 106 miles (170 km) between New York and Philadelphia. Edison applied for a patent on the carbon-button transmitter in April 1877, Western Union agreeing to pay him $6,000 a year for the seventeen-year duration of the patent. In these years he was also working on the development of the electric lamp and on a duplicating machine which would make up to 3,000 copies from a stencil. In 1876–7 he moved from Newark to Menlo Park, twenty-four miles (39 km) from New York on the Pennsylvania Railway, near Elizabeth. He had bought a house there around which he built the premises that would become his "inventions factory". It was there that he began the use of his 200- page pocket notebooks, each of which lasted him about two weeks, so prolific were his ideas. When he died he left 3,400 of them filled with notes and sketches.Late in 1877 he applied for a patent for a phonograph which was granted on 19 February 1878, and by the end of the year he had formed a company to manufacture this totally new product. At the time, Edison saw the device primarily as a business aid rather than for entertainment, rather as a dictating machine. In August 1878 he was granted a British patent. In July 1878 he tried to measure the heat from the solar corona at a solar eclipse viewed from Rawlins, Wyoming, but his "tasimeter" was too sensitive.Probably his greatest achievement was "The Subdivision of the Electric Light" or the "glow bulb". He tried many materials for the filament before settling on carbon. He gave a demonstration of electric light by lighting up Menlo Park and inviting the public. Edison was, of course, faced with the problem of inventing and producing all the ancillaries which go to make up the electrical system of generation and distribution-meters, fuses, insulation, switches, cabling—even generators had to be designed and built; everything was new. He started a number of manufacturing companies to produce the various components needed.In 1881 he built the world's largest generator, which weighed 27 tons, to light 1,200 lamps at the Paris Exhibition. It was later moved to England to be used in the world's first central power station with steam engine drive at Holborn Viaduct, London. In September 1882 he started up his Pearl Street Generating Station in New York, which led to a worldwide increase in the application of electric power, particularly for lighting. At the same time as these developments, he built a 1,300yd (1,190m) electric railway at Menlo Park.On 9 August 1884 his wife died of typhoid. Using his telegraphic skills, he proposed to 19-year-old Mina Miller in Morse code while in the company of others on a train. He married her in February 1885 before buying a new house and estate at West Orange, New Jersey, building a new laboratory not far away in the Orange Valley.Edison used direct current which was limited to around 250 volts. Alternating current was largely developed by George Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla, using transformers to step up the current to a higher voltage for long-distance transmission. The use of AC gradually overtook the Edison DC system.In autumn 1888 he patented a form of cinephotography, the kinetoscope, obtaining film-stock from George Eastman. In 1893 he set up the first film studio, which was pivoted so as to catch the sun, with a hinged roof which could be raised. In 1894 kinetoscope parlours with "peep shows" were starting up in cities all over America. Competition came from the Latham Brothers with a screen-projection machine, which Edison answered with his "Vitascope", shown in New York in 1896. This showed pictures with accompanying sound, but there was some difficulty with synchronization. Edison also experimented with captions at this early date.In 1880 he filed a patent for a magnetic ore separator, the first of nearly sixty. He bought up deposits of low-grade iron ore which had been developed in the north of New Jersey. The process was a commercial success until the discovery of iron-rich ore in Minnesota rendered it uneconomic and uncompetitive. In 1898 cement rock was discovered in New Village, west of West Orange. Edison bought the land and started cement manufacture, using kilns twice the normal length and using half as much fuel to heat them as the normal type of kiln. In 1893 he met Henry Ford, who was building his second car, at an Edison convention. This started him on the development of a battery for an electric car on which he made over 9,000 experiments. In 1903 he sold his patent for wireless telegraphy "for a song" to Guglielmo Marconi.In 1910 Edison designed a prefabricated concrete house. In December 1914 fire destroyed three-quarters of the West Orange plant, but it was at once rebuilt, and with the threat of war Edison started to set up his own plants for making all the chemicals that he had previously been buying from Europe, such as carbolic acid, phenol, benzol, aniline dyes, etc. He was appointed President of the Navy Consulting Board, for whom, he said, he made some forty-five inventions, "but they were pigeonholed, every one of them". Thus did Edison find that the Navy did not take kindly to civilian interference.In 1927 he started the Edison Botanic Research Company, founded with similar investment from Ford and Firestone with the object of finding a substitute for overseas-produced rubber. In the first year he tested no fewer than 3,327 possible plants, in the second year, over 1,400, eventually developing a variety of Golden Rod which grew to 14 ft (4.3 m) in height. However, all this effort and money was wasted, due to the discovery of synthetic rubber.In October 1929 he was present at Henry Ford's opening of his Dearborn Museum to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the incandescent lamp, including a replica of the Menlo Park laboratory. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and was elected to the American Academy of Sciences. He died in 1931 at his home, Glenmont; throughout the USA, lights were dimmed temporarily on the day of his funeral.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMember of the American Academy of Sciences. Congressional Gold Medal.Further ReadingM.Josephson, 1951, Edison, Eyre \& Spottiswode.R.W.Clark, 1977, Edison, the Man who Made the Future, Macdonald \& Jane.IMcN -
17 deposit
1) выделяться
2) депозит
3) депонировать
4) залоговый
5) месторождение
6) налет
7) осаждаться
8) оседать
9) отлагаться
10) отложение
11) залежь
12) осадок
13) россыпь
14) нагар
15) накипь
16) осмотический
– alluvial deposit
– ash deposit
– bedded deposit
– carbon deposit
– coal deposit
– commercial deposit
– condensed gas deposit
– contact deposit
– dealluvial deposit
– deposit at
– deposit at a cathode
– deposit bead
– deposit by evaporation
– deposit evaluation
– deposit film
– deposit water
– developed deposit
– dewater a deposit
– dislocated deposit
– disseminated deposit
– faulted deposit
– film-like deposit
– gravel deposit
– high-grade deposit
– low-grade deposit
– magmatogene deposit
– major deposit
– massive deposit
– metallic ore deposit
– metamorphogene deposit
– mineral deposit
– non-tabular deposit
– oil deposit
– opening-up of ore deposit
– ore deposit
– prove deposit
– scale deposit
– sedimentary deposit
– sedimentogene deposit
– sheet deposit
– strike of deposit
– vein deposit
– water-bearing deposit
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18 Bessemer, Sir Henry
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 19 January 1813 Charlton (near Hitchin), Hertfordshire, Englandd. 15 January 1898 Denmark Hill, London, England[br]English inventor of the Bessemer steelmaking process.[br]The most valuable part of Bessemer's education took place in the workshop of his inventor father. At the age of only 17 he went to London to seek his fortune and set himself up in the trade of casting art works in white metal. He went on to the embossing of metals and other materials and this led to his first major invention, whereby a date was incorporated in the die for embossing seals, thus preventing the wholesale forgeries that had previously been committed. For this, a grateful Government promised Bessemer a paid position, a promise that was never kept; recognition came only in 1879 with a belated knighthood. Bessemer turned to other inventions, mainly in metalworking, including a process for making bronze powder and gold paint. After he had overcome technical problems, the process became highly profitable, earning him a considerable income during the forty years it was in use.The Crimean War presented inventors such as Bessemer with a challenge when weaknesses in the iron used to make the cannon became apparent. In 1856, at his Baxter House premises in St Paneras, London, he tried fusing cast iron with steel. Noticing the effect of an air current on the molten mixture, he constructed a reaction vessel or converter in which air was blown through molten cast iron. There was a vigorous reaction which nearly burned the house down, and Bessemer found the iron to be almost completely decarburized, without the slag threads always present in wrought iron. Bessemer had in fact invented not only a new process but a new material, mild steel. His paper "On the manufacture of malleable iron and steel without fuel" at the British Association meeting in Cheltenham later that year created a stir. Bessemer was courted by ironmasters to license the process. However, success was short-lived, for they found that phosphorus in the original iron ore passed into the metal and rendered it useless. By chance, Bessemer had used in his trials pig-iron, derived from haematite, a phosphorus-free ore. Bessemer tried hard to overcome the problem, but lacking chemical knowledge he resigned himself to limiting his process to this kind of pig-iron. This limitation was removed in 1879 by Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, who substituted a chemically basic lining in the converter in place of the acid lining used by Bessemer. This reacted with the phosphorus to form a substance that could be tapped off with the slag, leaving the steel free from this harmful element. Even so, the new material had begun to be applied in engineering, especially for railways. The open-hearth process developed by Siemens and the Martin brothers complemented rather than competed with Bessemer steel. The widespread use of the two processes had a revolutionary effect on mechanical and structural engineering and earned Bessemer around £1 million in royalties before the patents expired.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1879. FRS 1879. Royal Society of Arts Albert Gold Medal 1872.Bibliography1905, Sir Henry Bessemer FRS: An Autobiography, London.LRD -
19 Dickson, William Kennedy Laurie
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. August 1860 Brittany, Franced. 28 September 1935 Twickenham, England[br]Scottish inventor and photographer.[br]Dickson was born in France of English and Scottish parents. As a young man of almost 19 years, he wrote in 1879 to Thomas Edison in America, asking for a job. Edison replied that he was not taking on new staff at that time, but Dickson, with his mother and sisters, decided to emigrate anyway. In 1883 he contacted Edison again, and was given a job at the Goerk Street laboratory of the Edison Electric Works in New York. He soon assumed a position of responsibility as Superintendent, working on the development of electric light and power systems, and also carried out most of the photography Edison required. In 1888 he moved to the Edison West Orange laboratory, becoming Head of the ore-milling department. When Edison, inspired by Muybridge's sequence photographs of humans and animals in motion, decided to develop a motion picture apparatus, he gave the task to Dickson, whose considerable skills in mechanics, photography and electrical work made him the obvious choice. The first experiments, in 1888, were on a cylinder machine like the phonograph, in which the sequence pictures were to be taken in a spiral. This soon proved to be impractical, and work was delayed for a time while Dickson developed a new ore-milling machine. Little progress with the movie project was made until George Eastman's introduction in July 1889 of celluloid roll film, which was thin, tough, transparent and very flexible. Dickson returned to his experiments in the spring of 1891 and soon had working models of a film camera and viewer, the latter being demonstrated at the West Orange laboratory on 20 May 1891. By the early summer of 1892 the project had advanced sufficiently for commercial exploitation to begin. The Kinetograph camera used perforated 35 mm film (essentially the same as that still in use in the late twentieth century), and the kinetoscope, a peep-show viewer, took fifty feet of film running in an endless loop. Full-scale manufacture of the viewers started in 1893, and they were demonstrated on a number of occasions during that year. On 14 April 1894 the first kinetoscope parlour, with ten viewers, was opened to the public in New York. By the end of that year, the kinetoscope was seen by the public all over America and in Europe. Dickson had created the first commercially successful cinematograph system. Dickson left Edison's employment on 2 April 1895, and for a time worked with Woodville Latham on the development of his Panoptikon projector, a projection version of the kinetoscope. In December 1895 he joined with Herman Casier, Henry N.Marvin and Elias Koopman to form the American Mutoscope Company. Casier had designed the Mutoscope, an animated-picture viewer in which the sequences of pictures were printed on cards fixed radially to a drum and were flipped past the eye as the drum rotated. Dickson designed the Biograph wide-film camera to produce the picture sequences, and also a projector to show the films directly onto a screen. The large-format images gave pictures of high quality for the period; the Biograph went on public show in America in September 1896, and subsequently throughout the world, operating until around 1905. In May 1897 Dickson returned to England and set up as a producer of Biograph films, recording, among other subjects, Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee celebrations in 1897, Pope Leo XIII in 1898, and scenes of the Boer War in 1899 and 1900. Many of the Biograph subjects were printed as reels for the Mutoscope to produce the "what the butler saw" machines which were a feature of fairgrounds and seaside arcades until modern times. Dickson's contact with the Biograph Company, and with it his involvement in cinematography, ceased in 1911.[br]Further ReadingGordon Hendricks, 1961, The Edison Motion Picture Myth.—1966, The Kinetoscope.—1964, The Beginnings of the Biograph.BCBiographical history of technology > Dickson, William Kennedy Laurie
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20 Héroult, Paul Louis Toussaint
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 1863 Thury-Harcourt, Caen, Franced. 9 May 1914 Antibes, France[br]French metallurigst, inventor of the process of aluminium reduction by electrolysis.[br]Paul Héroult, the son of a tanner, at the age of 16, while still at school in Caen, read Deville's book on aluminium and became obsessed with the idea of developing a cheap way of producing this metal. After his family moved to Gentillysur-Bièvre he studied at the Ecole Sainte-Barbe in Paris and then returned to Caen to work in the laboratory of his father's tannery. His first patent, filed in February and granted on 23 April 1886, described an invention almost identical to that of C.M. Hall: "the electrolysis of alumina dissolved in molten cryolite into which the current is introduced through suitable electrodes. The cryolite is not consumed." Early in 1887 Héroult attempted to obtain the support of Alfred Rangod Pechiney, the proprietor of the works at Salindres where Deville's process for making sodium-reduced aluminium was still being operated. Pechiney persuaded Héroult to modify his electrolytic process by using a cathode of molten copper, thus making it possible produce aluminium bronze rather than pure aluminium. Héroult then approached the Swiss firm J.G.Nehe Söhne, ironmasters, whose works at the Falls of Schaffhausen obtained power from the Rhine. They were looking for a new metallurgical process requiring large quantities of cheap hydroelectric power and Héroult's process seemed suitable. In 1887 they established the Société Metallurgique Suisse to test Héroult's process. Héroult became Technical Director and went to the USA to defend his patents against those of Hall. During his absence the Schaffhausen trials were successfully completed, and on 18 November 1888 the Société Metallurgique combined with the German AEG group, Oerlikon and Escher Wyss, to establish the Aluminium Industrie Aktiengesellschaft Neuhausen. In the early electrolytic baths it was occasionally found that arcs between the bath surface and electrode could develop if the electrodes were inadvertently raised. From this observation, Héroult and M.Killiani developed the electric arc furnace. In this, arcs were intentionally formed between the surface of the charge and several electrodes, each connected to a different pole of the AC supply. This furnace, the prototype of the modern electric steel furnace, was first used for the direct reduction of iron ore at La Praz in 1903. This work was undertaken for the Canadian Government, for whom Héroult subsequently designed a 5,000-amp single-phase furnace which was installed and tested at Sault-Sainte-Marie in Ontario and successfully used for smelting magnetite ore.[br]Further ReadingAluminium Industrie Aktiengesellschaft Neuhausen, 1938, The History of the Aluminium-Industrie-Aktien-Gesellschaft Neuhausen 1888–1938, 2 vols, Neuhausen.C.J.Gignoux, Histoire d'une entreprise française. "The Hall-Héroult affair", 1961, Metal Bulletin (14 April):1–4.ASDBiographical history of technology > Héroult, Paul Louis Toussaint
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